1.0 Introduction
This is an introductory chapter that outlines preliminary information about the research that was carried on Bajaj and town bus operation in mbeya city as case study. The chapter is made up of background of the study, statement of the problem, research objectives, research questions, significance of the study, and limitations of the study.
Since the 1950s, there has been a steady growth three-wheeler transport service in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This trend has accelerated in the past two decades, following rapid Increases in the production of affordable three-wheelers in Asian countries (Starkey et al, 2016)
In many Asian cities and some rural areas, three-wheelers complement other, more conventional, forms of public transport such as taxis, minibuses and buses. The first motorized three-wheeler, the Butler Petrol Cycle, is reported to have been designed in England in 1884, although this never went into mass production. Early prototype three wheeler Bajaj, powered by steam or by petrol was also created around the same time in France, Germany and USA. (Starkey et al, 2016)
In African the number of three-wheelers ‘Bajaj’ in rural Africa is also increasing, although to nowhere near the same extent as three wheelers. As an example of rates of growth, and the numbers of three-wheelers registered in Tanzania between 2003 and 2014 grew from 59 in 2003 to 59,874 in 2014. (Tanzania Revenue Authority, (2015), (Tom Bishop & Caroline Barber 2018)
According to (Starkey et al, 2016) the cost of three-wheelers ‘Bajaj’ declined relative to people’s incomes and the Numbers in use has increased rapidly, particularly in the past thirty years: For example, in Many African countries, such as Tanzania, the three wheelers available to buy in the 1980s were Japanese, at a cost of more than USD 2000, Now, Chinese and Indian three wheelers are available for about USD 600, making them much more affordable. Three wheelers numbers have risen both in numbers and as a proportion of the national fleet in very many countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. For example, in Tanzania, three wheelers comprised about 2% of the national fleet in 2000 but by 2015, they had jumped to 57% of three wheelers ‘Bajaj’. Especially in some region of Tanzania for example in mbeya.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Therefore, the study intended to assess the challenges facing three wheelers ‘Bajaj’ and town bus operation a case study of mbeya city. Bajaj transport system is the most popular transport system in mbeya city region especially in Mbeya city. However, there is some problem is seen in the town. From these problems some of them are less consideration of passenger numbers for distribution of Bajaj in different routes in town. So, there is high congestion in specific route. Second, the drivers overload passengers above allowable limit which causes accident for the drivers and passengers. Thirdly, the driver’s poor ethical conduct which includes driving in high speed than allowable speed, the driver does not give priority to pedestrian, which are problem for safe transportation and also the drivers are not willing to provide service at the right time and place.
Therefore, the current study focuses on challenges and conflict between three wheelers “Bajaj” and town bus in mbeya city.
1.3 Research Objectives
1.3.1 General Objective
To assess the challenges of three wheelers ‘Bajaj’ and city bus operations in an area.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
1. To identify the cause of conflict between three wheelers ‘Bajaj’ and town bus in Mbeya city.
2. To examine effects of conflict between three wheelers ‘Bajaj’ and town bus Mbeya city.
3. To Propose Solutions about their conflict and effect of three wheelers ‘Bajaj’ and town buss in Mbeya city.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What are the causes of conflict between Bajaj and town bus operation?
2. What are the effects of conflict between Bajaj and town bus?
3. What are the solutions of conflict and effects of Bajaj and town bus?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The researcher hopes that study has the following significances: This study will enable the policy makers to institute policies regarding transport arrangement in the city, it helps decision makers to make policies which are evidence based. The study will help a researcher to enlarge awareness on Bajaj and town bus operation as well as their leader’s management to improve new perceptions in marketing strategies for offering best service to their customer’s expectation and fully execution as per government plan. get the current status from the customer’s perception of the invested project and will lead to improve services as well on the key priority areas. In addition, current and future students will use the research findings and conclusions to enrich their knowledge on the topic, contribute to the literature review and establish new research areas.
1.6 Limitation of the study
Among the limitation is unwillingness of respondents to respond on the prepared questions at a required time as most were got time to answer the prepared questions. The respondents were exceptionally busy and they needed to adjust their time to answer questions asked from the questionnaire, this was an issue to a large portion of the respondents especially with their interest because of their bustling time. But for the other respondents like passengers they are shown the good cooperation to the answering the questions from the questionnaire according to the study.
1.7 Scope of the study
The study will be conducted to Mbeya, Tanzania. Especially in Mbeya city, the study will base on assessing challenging of Bajaj and town bus operation. Particularly, the study will focus on looking the cause of conflict between Bajaj and town bus and the effects of conflict between Bajaj and town bus operation. Moreover, the study will performed in two office including; Kabwe Bajaj office and nanenane town busses office
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This chapter presents are definition of key concept of the study and review of literature related to this study so as to find evidence and more justification of the study and determine the research gap that was dealt with by the researcher. The chapter comprises theoretical literature review, empirical literature review and the research gap for the study.
2.1 Definitions of Key terms
Transportation refers to the activity that facilitates physical movement of goods as well as individuals from one place to another. Movements of people, goods and information have always been fundamental components of human societies. Transportation is yet given inadequate attention in development studies. But it has fundamental importance in day to day activity of people and economy. Transportation is considered as blood vessel of one economy. Bates, et al (2001)
Three Wheeler “Bajaj” means a motor vehicle having three wheels constructed, adapted or used ether to carry not more than four persons excluding the driver otherwise than for hire or reward, or for the transport of goods whether for hire or not.
Town transport the purpose of collective transportation is to provide publicly accessible mobility over specific parts of a city. The systems are usually owned and operated by an agency, and access is open to all as long as a fare is paid; the reason why they are called public transit. The efficiency of public transit systems is based upon transporting large numbers of people and achieving economies of scale. Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2020).
2.2 Theory
Before driving into the empirical debates, it is essential to put the argument inside a theoretical context for they direct the study and it is from the theories that the researcher had the ability to address theories in operation of three wheelers ‘Bajaj’ and town bus. In this, study one theory are discussed, it’s; Negative theory.
2.2.1 Negative Theory
The negative theory explained by Carlsmith and Aronson (1963) recommend that the inconsistency or distinction of implementation from the expectation of the customers will disturb the single, delivering 'negative strength. Negative theory has its formation in the procedure of disconfirmation (Satisfaction). Negative theory describes that when anticipations are unequivocally understood, consumer customers will react negatively to any disconfirmation. Therefore, three wheelers ‘Bajaj’ and town transport ‘daladala’ administration should give the service quality, which can satisfy or achieve the customer anticipation from the Transport system. Satisfaction is an "overall customer awareness concerning a provider of the service'' (McDonald, Wilson, & Daniel, 2002) or a passionate response to the difference between what customer predict and what they get (Soper, 2000), with admiration to the pleasure of some essential, objective or want. A similar definition is given by Gerpott et al. (2001) who propose that the provision of satisfied or expected service quality is direct connected to the extent of customer satisfaction of the supplier’s service. Survival of the customers in any company or industry depends on the level of quality service provided particular company, which satisfy or meet the customer expectations. Speier and Venkatesh (2002) analyses the consequence of service restoration in indicating general customer satisfaction, opposing that a company will probably hold a customer by promising pronouncements than by expecting that the customer is well satisfied. Appropriately helped and well satisfied customer will finally return to the company than upset customer who could pick just to go somewhere else (Soper, 2000). Therefore, when three wheelers and town transport services do not satisfy customers, then customers will demand other means of transport to achieve their desire, other will be prompted to buy private cars in order to meet their expectations.
2.3 Empirical reviews
A study performed by Agarwal and Singh (2010) on urban bus system performance improvement in India, briefly the study discusses the matters associated with ineffective operation of bus system in Indian cities and suggest some solutions for the performance improvements of urban bus system. Results in study indicated some attributes or indicators, which are used to measure efficiency and effectiveness of urban bus service. Some of the important indicators drawn from the study included: Operating cost per passenger, Cost efficiency, Labor productivity, Vehicle utilization, Energy efficiency, Service utilization, Operating cost per passenger trip, Accessibility, Quality of service, Operating ratio.
2.4 Research gap
Research reviewed different authors definitions, and empirical literatures written by different scholars, researcher find that most of authors emphasize about customer’s satisfaction, Customer perception of Service Quality, and Service Quality. Therefore, a researcher find out that there will a need to study more about to assess the challenges of three wheelers ‘Bajaj’ and city bus operations in an area
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
Research methodology “Is a way to systematically solve the research problem (Kothari, 2004).” research methodology is regarded as a scientific in research studies where different systematic steps are considered by a researcher in addressing phenomenon, and it is recommended that a researcher should have an understanding far from tactics to be applied on his or her research study.
In addition to that, research methodology has essential role in research and to researchers in designing the research studies, understanding the relations between the methods to be applied in research and the location for the study to be conducted, also understanding the study area and the population structure (Kothari, 2004). And research methodology assists researchers in developing methods for studies and to set the study in a clear manner towards addressing the problem in the study area.
This chapter presents research methodology meaning, research approach, research design, area of the study, population of the study, sampling techniques, sample size, data collection techniques and data analysis.
3.1Research Approach
Research approach is a plan and procedure that consists of steps of broad assumptions to detailed method of data collection, analysis and interpretation (Creswell, 2013). In this study the researcher intended to use qualitative and quantitative research approach. This approach was used in order to collect in depth information. This is an approach or technique a researcher uses in conducting the research.
3.2 Research Design
A descriptive research design is design which comprises data gathering with the goal of describing phenomenon, case and trends (Bryman & Bell, 2011). Descriptive research design Orodho (2009), a descriptive survey refers to a data collection method that collects data from the sampled population through the use of questionnaires and interviews. This study aimed at collecting data with regard to individuals’ opinion, attitudes, behaviors and habits, hence descriptive research design was appropriate. In this light therefore, a descriptive research design is deemed to be the best design to fulfill the objectives of the study as it describe the affairs state without manipulation of the variables as the results this method is suitable to provide an insight in understanding the challenges and conflict between three wheelers ‘Bajaj’ and town bus operation. In this study, a descriptive research design was be used quantitative approach, and it was be in explanatory research design. Explanatory research design is a research design explained as a design so common applicable when the aim of a research study is to explore new information or data concerning about a study which has not been researched before.
3.3 Research Area
The study was conducted in Mbeya City Council. Were the one selected for the study. The area was selected because it is adversely affected with poor waste management practices of the conflict between the Bajaji and town buss.
3.4 Sample and sampling technique
3.4.1 Sampling Technique
“Sampling is the process by which you select a number of individual cases from a larger population (Leavy, 2017).” And also another author define Sampling as “The process of selecting a sample from the sample population to become the basis for estimating or predicting the prevalence of unknown pieces of information, situation or outcome regarding the bigger group (Kumar, 2011).”
3.4.1.2 Purposive/judgmental sampling technique
Kothari (2004) defined purposive sampling as a deliberate selection of particular units of the universe for constituting a sample that represents the universe. In this study purposive sampling was used to select three wheeler ‘Bajaj’ and town bus ‘daladala’ officers to be included in a sample for in depth interview. These purposive techniques were appropriate to ensure inclusion of relevant of three wheeler and town bus officers in the sample for the study.
3.4.1.3 Simple random sampling technique
Kothari (1990) Simple random sampling is also known as chance sampling where each and every item in the population has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample and each one of the possible samples, in case of finite universe, has the same probability of being selected. According to Boncz, (2015) Simple random sampling members of the sample are selected randomly from an available list of the population.
3.4.1 Sample size
According to Boncz (2015) “sample size is partly determined by professional considerations, partly by statistical method. From the perspective of sampling it is critical how important the obtained results are and what purpose they was be used for. It should be optimum sample, which fulfils the requirements of reliability, flexibility and efficiency. A sample size of one hundred (100) respondents was used in this study.
3.5 Data Collection Methods
Data collection is the technique of gathering information from the respondents on the targeted variables in systematic approach, which enhance one to come up with the reasonable answers about the relevant questions (Sapsford, & Jupp, 2001). The primary and secondary data was used in this study. In research or an inquiry data can be obtained and gathered by using questionnaire, questions observation by observing in the area of study, through interview by interviewing respondents or a sample population for study and other methods as applied in research.
3.6 Data Analysis
According to Singh (2006) “analysis of data includes comparison of the outcomes of the various treatments upon the several groups and making of a decision as to the achievement of the goals of research (p.222)”. Additionally according to Yellapu (2018) “descriptive statistics are used to summarize data in an organized manner by describing the relationship between variables in a sample or population (p.60).” SPSS is derived as a statistical package for social sciences which is responsible for analyzing statistical data, interpreting data and bringing up results or findings from the field of investigation (Arkkelin, 2014). Therefore in my study I was use the SPSS analysis software to analyze gathered data from the field of study.
3.7 Data Collections Methods
In carrying out the study and getting both primary data, various methods/techniques were used as follows;
3.7.1 Questionnaires
Questionnaires are usually designed to answer research questions to meet research objectives. They involve printed questions in a definite order. It is a research tool designed for statistical analysis of the responses consisting of a series of questions and other prompts to collect data from the respondents (Muhammad and Kabir, 2018). In this study, the researcher prepared the questionnaires in English and it was translated in Swahili for data collection purpose. The questionnaires were administered on a face to face contact with the respondents
3.7.2 Interviews
Interviews are the way of obtaining data in a form of conversation (Singh, 2006). This technique involves the researcher’s attempt to get reliable and valid measures in the form of verbal responses from one or more respondents. In this study, the researcher obtained the qualitative data through face to face interviews. The researcher developed interview guide that contained questions that focused on the main objective of the study. The interview guide was prepared to lead the interview with selected respondents from administration of Bajaj and city bus offices.
3.8 Limitations:
The following are some of the limitation of this study; Lack of funds; this research has been carried out within the limit of available funds. As a self-sponsored work, it had not been possible to generate enough funds to service the project. Hence, the budget project was drawn based on available funds. This has placed significant limitations on the scope of the study. The research has also been limited by time frame. The available time allotted to the study was too short to explore every avenue needed to broaden the scope of the work
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